ABSTRACT
A survey of vascular plant species at Gooseberry Island Nature Preserve, a 5.56 ha forested island, was conducted during the 2004 growing season. This study was undertaken to document the composition and structure of the vascular flora and to provide baseline information for land management decisions. A young second growth wet floodplain forest and an old-growth mesic floodplain forest community was quantitatively sampled. The wet floodplain forest community was dominated by Acer saccharinum (silver maple) with some Salix nigra (black willow). The mesic floodplain forest was dominated by Aesculus glabra (Ohio buckeye), Acer saccharum (sugar maple), and Quercus macrocarpa (bur oak). Bur oak, a dominant species in the largest tree size classes, was only a minor element in the lower tree size classes and was absent from the shrub and sapling layers. Historical data from 1977 indicate that in the last 30 years there has been a significant increase in buckeye and sugar maple. A total of 162 species in 126 genera and 62 families were encountered, including 35 taxa near the northern limits of their range.
INTRODUCTION In 1820, only fourteen years prior to the first permanent European settlement in Kankakee County, approximately 5.58 million ha of Illinois were forested (Iverson et al. 1989, Abt et al. 2006). At that time only 9,834 ha of Kankakee County were forested, mostly along streams, rivers, and other areas protected from prairie fires (Schwegman et al. 1973, Iverson et al. 1989). These numbers, based on the General Land Office (GLO) original survey maps, indicate how small a percentage of Illinois (38.2%) and especially Kankakee County (5.6%) was forested in pre-settlement times (Iverson et al. 1989). Illinois was indeed a 'Prairie State' with 21.6 million acres of prairie, 61.2% of the total area.
Today Illinois forests occupy nearly 1.74 million ha; however, according to the Illinois Natural Areas Inventory (INAI) only 4,692 ha of relatively undisturbed forest remains in Illinois (INAI Grade A and B forest as reported in White 1978, Iverson et al. 1989). The INAI established criteria for determining the natural quality of all Illinois natural communities. The INAI documented 149 natural areas with high quality grade A (essentially undisturbed) or B (slightly disturbed) forest as a component; 1,446 ha of grade A forest and 3,245 ha of grade B forest (White 1978, Iverson et al. 1989, Page and Jeffords 1991). Gooseberry Island in south-central Kankakee County was recognized by the INAI as one of these remaining high quality forest areas, nearly the entire island consisting of grade A forest (Bacone and Madany 1977, White 1978).
The objectives of our study were (1) to determine the composition and structure of the vegetation, including potential successional dynamics of the forest, and (2) to provide valuable baseline information to support forest management decisions at Gooseberry Island Nature Preserve (GINP).
DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA Gooseberry Island, a 5.56 ha old-growth forested island, is located in the Kankakee Sand Area Section of the Grand Prairie Natural Division of Illinois (Schwegman et al. 1973, McFaIl and Karnes 1995) (Figure 1). The island is within the Iroquois River channel in south-central Kankakee County, approximately 1.2 km south of the Kankakee River and the nearby town of Aroma Park, Illinois (SE1/4 S22, T30N, R13W, Kankakee 7.5 min topographic quadrangle; 41.06 488�N latitude, 87.81 755�W longitude).
Originally a large portion of the Iroquois River watershed was prairie with forest mostly restricted to stream corridors. Today, land use in the Iroquois River watershed is primarily cropland with scattered urban areas and narrow bands of riparian vegetation. According to Singh et al. (2005), agricultural use now accounts for 95% of the land use in the watershed followed distantly by forested areas (2.9%) and urban areas (1.2%). Gooseberry Island, owned by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR), was officially dedicated an Illinois state nature preserve by the Illinois Nature Preserves Commission in August 1989 (McFaIl and Karnes 1995).
To our knowledge there have been no published studies on the vegetation of GINP. Botanists from IDNR and INAI, however, have noted the site's importance. Bowles (1977) visited Gooseberry Island in 1975 and listed 72 vascular plant species including several southern species near the northern limits of their range. Bowles (1977) also noted the large size and great age of many of the canopy tree species. He recommended the island be preserved as a natural area. Two years later, INAI botanists visited Gooseberry Island and conducted a quantitative survey of tree, sapling, and shrub density (Bacone and Madany 1977).
The soils of GINP are classified as Martinsville loam and Ambraw sandy loam (Deniger 2005). Martinsville loam, a soil of 2 to 4% slopes, is mapped for 80% of the island. This well-drained soil of stream terraces and outwash plains usually does not flood. Martinsville loam occurs on areas of Gooseberry Island that are approximately 1.0 to 1.5 m above the normal pool elevation of the Iroquois River (between an elevation of 182.9 and 183.8 m above msl.). Ambraw sandy loam, a soil of 0 to 2% slopes, is mapped only at the northern end of the island (Deniger 2005). Ambraw sandy loam is a frequently flooded, poorly-drained soil of floodplains. This soil type occurs on areas of Gooseberry Island that are just above the normal pool level of the Iroquois River (between an elevation of 182.3 and 182.9 m above msl.).
The climate of Kankakee County is temperate and continental with cool winters, hot summers, and little or no water deficit in any season of the year (Changnon et al. 2004). Mean annual precipitation is 98.0 cm, with the month of May having the greatest amount (11.5 cm). Mean annual temperature is 9.9�C; the hottest month is July with an average temperature of 23.60C and the coldest month is January with an average temperature of -5.70C. The median length of the growing season, based on O0C, is 174 d. Precipitation and temperature data was recorded from 1971 to 2000 in Kankakee, Illinois located 6.0 km to the northwest of GINP (Illinois State Climatologist's Office 2007).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Vascular Plant Species Composition
GINP was visited throughout the growing season of 2004. During each site visit, voucher specimens were collected, natural communities were delineated, and habitat data was recorded. Natural community names were assigned according to the definitions and descriptions given in White and Madany (1978). The White and Madany (1978) natural community classification system was based on the concept provided by The Natural Divisions of Illinois (Schwegman et al. 1973), which recognized different regions within the state based on their unique combination of topography, glacial history, bedrock, soils, and plant and animal distributions. The classification system is further subdivided into classes (Forest, Prairie, Savanna, Wetland, Lake and Pond, Stream, Primary, Cave and Cultural), subclasses (Upland Forest, Sand Forest, Floodplain Forest and Flatwoods) and finally it is broken down to its smallest unit, the natural community, based primarily on soil moisture (xeric, dry, dry-mesic, mesic, wet-mesic, and wet). Voucher collections were identified using Mohlenbrock (2002), and Swink and Wilhelm (1994). All specimens have been deposited in the herbarium of the Illinois Natural History Survey (ILLS), Champaign, Illinois. Criteria for designating native and non-native taxa followed Taft et al. (1997) and Mohlenbrock (2002) while nomenclature followed Mohlenbrock (2002).
Floristic Quality Assessment
The Floristic Quality Index (FQI) of the site was determined using the methods and Coefficient of Conservatism (C) assigned to each species by both Swink and Wilhelm (1994) and Taft et al. (1997). Although these indices are not a substitute for quantitative vegetation analysis in assessing plant communities, they do provide a measure of the floristic integrity or level of disturbance of a site. Each plant species is assigned a rating between 0 and 10 (the Coefficient of Conservatism or C value) that is a subjective indicator of how likely a plant is to be found on an undisturbed site in a natural plant community. A plant species that has a low C value is common and is likely to tolerate disturbed conditions; a species with a high C value is relatively rare and is likely to require specific, undisturbed habitats. An Index score below 20 suggests a site of poor natural quality ("usually severely degraded or derelict plant communities"); over 35, a regionally noteworthy site; over 45, a natural area of statewide significance (Taft et al. 1997).
Composition and Structure of Forest Communities
In June 2004, the woody overstory of the forest communities on Gooseberry Island was quantitatively sampled. Each forest community was surveyed by dividing each area into contiguous quadrats 25 m on a side (0.0625 ha). The wet floodplain forest, restricted to a small area at the northern edge of the island contained two quadrats. The mesic floodplain forest, which covered most of the remainder of the island, contained 40 quadrats. In each forest community all living woody individuals >10.0 cm dbh were identified and their diameters recorded. From these data, living-stem density (stems/ha), basal area (m2/ha), relative density, relative dominance, importance value (IV), and average diameter (cm) were calculated for each species. Determination of the IV follows the procedure used by Mcintosh (1957), and is the sum of the relative density and relative dominance (basal area).
Due to frequent disturbances from flooding in the wet floodplain forest, understory vegetation was virtually absent and was not sampled. In the mesic floodplain forest, the woody understory composition and density (stems/ha) was determined using nested circular plots 0.0001, 0.001, and 0.01 ha in size located at 15 m intervals along two randomly located north/south transects (n = 30). Four additional 0.0001 ha circular plots were located 7 m from the center point of each of the 30 plot centers along cardinal compass directions (n = 150). In the 0.0001 ha plots, woody seedlings (^50 cm tall) were counted; in the 0.001 ha circular plots small saplings (>50 cm tall and <2.5 cm dbh) were recorded; and in the 0.01 ha circular plots large saplings (2.5 to <10.0 cm dbh) were tallied.
RESULTS
Vascular Plant Species Composition
A total of 155 taxa of vascular plants was recorded for GINP during this study. An additional 7 taxa not found during this research was previously recorded by Bowles (1977) for a combined total of 162 species and subspecific taxa within 126 genera and 62 families. Gymnosperms were absent and only one pteridophyte was present. Among the angiosperms, monocots accounted for 39 taxa in 24 genera and 5 families (24.1% of all taxa) while dicots accounted for 122 taxa in 101 genera and 56 families (75.3% of all taxa). Families with the most taxa were: Asteraceae (15), Poaceae (15), and Cyperaceae (11). Table 1 includes a taxonomic summary of the flora. All taxa recorded in this study are listed in the accompanying Checklist of Vascular Plants at Gooseberry Island Nature Preserve (Appendix 1).
No state endangered or threatened species were encountered (Herkert and Ebinger 2002); however, 6 taxa (Carex amphibola, Diarrhena americana, Euonymus alatus, Paspalum fluitans, Smilax illinoensis, and Viburnum opulus) were recorded for the first time for Kankakee County, including one new species (Paspalum fluitans) for the Chicago Region (Mohlenbrock and Ladd 1978, Swink and Wilhelm 1994). Non-native taxa were represented by 15 species (9.3%). Most of the non-native species were uncommon. Lysimachia nummularia, being the exception, was abundant throughout the wet floodplain forest.
Floristic Quality Assessment
The statewide Floristic Quality Index of Taft et al. (1997) was found to be 44.2 with a mean C value of 3.6. Scores using the Chicago Region Floristic Quality Assessment of Swink and Wilhelm (1994) were higher (FQA = 56.4, mean C = 4.7).
Composition and Structure of Forest Communities
In the small wet floodplain forest two tree species were encountered in the overstory with an average of 640.0 stems/ha and an average basal area of 45.456 m2/ha (Table 2). Acer saccharinum dominated this community with 584 stems/ha, an average diameter of 25.8 cm dbh, and an IV of 169.9 (200 possible). Salix nigra, in contrast, had 56 stems/ha, averaged 46.0 cm dbh, and IV of 30.1.
In the mesic floodplain forest 16 tree species were encountered in the overstory with an average of 341.6 stems/ha and an average basal area of 34.43 m2/ha (Table 2). Aesculus glabra and Acer saccharum dominated with IVs of 49.9 and 48.1, respectively. Aesculus glabra was abundant in the smaller diameter classes, being very uncommon above 40 cm dbh. Acer saccharum was common in all size classes and averaged 6 stems/ha above 70 cm dbh. Quercus macrocarpa and Celtis occidentalis were also important with IVs of 32.1 and 29.9 respectively. Other common tree species included Acer saccharinum, Ulmus rubra, and Tilia americana with >10 stems/ha.
In the mesic floodplain forest the understory was relatively sparse and very open. Sixteen woody species were present in the overstory; however, understory density was low with only 3202, 2299, and 353 stems/ha for seedlings, small saplings, and large saplings respectively. Prunus virginiana dominated the woody seedling and small sapling classes. Celtis occidentalis was second followed by Acer saccharum, which was the most common species in the large sapling class (Table 3). Quercus macrocarpa, represented by the largest diameter trees at GINP, was present in the understory and ground layers only as seedlings, being absent from the large and small sapling layers as well as the smaller tree diameter classes.
DISCUSSION The total recorded flora of GINP is represented by 162 species and subspecific taxa. Seven species recorded by Bowles (1977) were not observed during the current study (Table 1). Notable among these are the showy Trillium grandiflorum and the small and easily overlooked Orobanche uniflora. Increased deer populations may be responsible for extirpating Trillium grandiflorum from GINP while some of the other species not seen since Bowles (1977) may just have been missed or overlooked.
Vascular plant species composition and the resulting floristic quality assessment illustrate the high level of diversity present at such a small site as GINP. The statewide Floristic Quality Index of Taft et al. (1997) was found to be 44.2 with a mean C-value of 3.6. Scores using the Chicago Region Floristic Quality Assessment of Swink and Wilhelm (1994) were higher (FQA = 56.4, mean C = 4.7) and clearly show the site as an area of regional and statewide significance. The difference in scores between these two indices appears to be due to the location of Gooseberry Island at the southern edge of the Chicago Region. Bowles (1977) in his correspondence on Gooseberry Island found many species present near the northern edge of their range. Likewise, in this study we found many additional species near the northern edge of their range and therefore rare or uncommon in the Chicago Region, often only being found in more pristine habitat. Thus, these species get higher C-values for the Chicago Region Floristic Quality Assessment of Swink and Wilhelm (1994) than they do for the statewide Floristic Quality Index (Taft et al. 1997). Appendix 1, Checklist of Vascular Plants, includes 35 species, indicated by a + sign, found growing on GINP that are at or near the northern edge of their range.
Forest communities at GINP have dominant and characteristic species typical of wet and mesic floodplain forest communities in Illinois (White and Madany 1978). Flooding in the wet floodplain forest community was so frequent and usually so prolonged, that species diversity was low and the understory was open (White and Madany 1978). Wet floodplain forest species composition and structure at GINP was similar to many other sites throughout the northern half of Illinois and the region (Curtis 1959, Schmelz and Lindsey 1965, Crites and Ebinger 1969, Phillippe et al. 2003). As seen in other floodplain forest areas, species composition was largely determined by the flooding regime as well as the soil type and texture (Deniger 2005). Frequent and prolonged flooding within the wet floodplain forest community at GINP resulted in the dominance of two highly flood tolerant species, Acer saccharinum and Salix nigra. While other flood tolerant species (Fraxinus lanceolata, Ulmus americana, and Populus deltoides) were present at the site; they had a limited distribution and therefore were not recorded during quantitative vegetation sampling.
The mesic floodplain forest at GINP infrequently flooded and was dominated by flood intolerant species (Aesculus glabra, Acer saccharum, Quercus macrocarpa, and Celtis occidentalis). Mesic floodplain forest at GINP, with its large canopy tree size and high basal area, is characteristic of old-growth forest (Schmelz and Lindsey 1965, Parker 1989). However, the mesic floodplain forest at GINP has undergone a shift in overstory composition and dominance since it was initially studied thirty years ago. In 1977, INAI botanists recorded a total tree density of 258 stems/ha compared to 341.6 stems/ha in the current study (Table 2) (Bacone and Madany 1977). The difference is largely the result of mortality of a few large bur oaks and subsequent expansion of mesic, shade-tolerant species with high gap-phase-replacement-potential, Acer saccharum and Aesculus glabra.
The broad crowns of Quercus macrocarpa dominated the overstory. Many of the individual trees had low branches and branchscars within 3 m of the ground indicating that the forest had been more open in the past. This change in dominance may be a result of the location of the nature preserve. The island was formerly part of a peninsula along the east bank of the Iroquois River. As the Iroquois River has meandered, the present GINP has been cut-off from the east bank resulting in the island's formation. This may have removed the natural occurrence of Are as an important component of its species selection. GINP is very different today compared to the early 1800s due in large part to a reduced fire frequency followed by a total absence of fire in recent decades (Taft 1997). Frequent fires during pre-settlement times are largely responsible for maintaining many relatively open forest with some oak reproduction and recruitment into the canopy (Anderson 1991, Ebinger and McClain 1991, Abrams 1992, McClain and Elzinga 1994).
Oak reproduction under the resulting low light environment is poor with no survival into the sapling or lower tree diameter classes (Table 3). With the absence of fire, the expansion of mesic, fire-sensitive, shade-tolerant species such as ^lcer saccharum and Aesculus glabra has been increasing dramatically. Current overstory and understory composition and structure appears to indicate a continued change from a more open Quercus macrocarpa dominated community to a more mesic closed forest dominated by Aesculus glabra and Acer saccharum. This trend, sometimes called 'maple takeover' (Iverson et al. 1989), has been documented many times throughout Illinois' oak forests (Ebinger 1986, Ebinger and McClain 1991, Larimore et al. 2008).
Ecosystem management, in the form of prescribed burns and the creation of canopy gaps, has been found to have mixed success in promoting oak species regeneration in other disturbance-suppressed forests (Johnson et al. 2002, Aldrich et al. 2003). At this time, the ground flora and litter at GINP may not be sufficient fuel to carry out an impacting prescribed fire. Therefore, we would suggest removal of some shade tolerant trees to create canopy gaps. This treatment should be followed up by prescribed burning as sufficient fuel becomes available. Further management should be focused on removing invasive species as they become established within the preserve. Currently, a number of invasive woody shrub and understory tree species are present at GINP in low numbers (Euonymus alatus, Lonicera maackii, Moms alba, Rhamnus cathartlca, Rosa multiflora, and Viburnum opulus). If left to remain unchecked, these species are capable of rapid expansion resulting in decreased biological diversity.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank the Illinois Department of Natural Resources for a Wildlife Preservation Fund grant to complete this study and their staff for help and encouragement, particularly for historical information about GINP. We would also like to thank Jean Mengelkoch, Deborah Lewis and two anonymous reviewers for their comments and insight on the manuscript.
[Reference]
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[Author Affiliation]
Paul B. Marcum,* Daniel T. Busemeyer,** Loy R. Phillippe, and John E. Ebinger
University of Illinois, Institute of Natural Resource Sustainability, Illinois Natural History
Survey, 1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, Illinois 61820
[Author Affiliation]
* email address: pmarcum@inhs.uiuc.edu
** Present address: Golder Associates Ltd., 940-6th Avenue S.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P.
Received August 11, 2009; Accepted January 11, 2010.
APPENDIX I. CHECKLIST OF VASCULAR PLANTS AT GOOSEBERRY ISLAND NATURE PRESERVE, KANKAKEE COUNTY, ILLINOIS
Vascular plant taxa encountered and collected at Gooseberry Island Nature Preserve, Kankakee County, Illinois, listed alphabetically by family under divisions of the Plant Kingdom. Nomenclature follows Mohlenbrock (2002). Non -native species as defined by Taft et al. (1997) and Mohlenbrock (2002) are indicated by an asterisk. Species at or near the northern edge of their range are indicated by a plus sign. Collection numbers, immediately following the scientific name, are those of Paul B. Marcum. A few taxa, not collected during the present study, are listed as site records. Among these records are noteworthy species recorded by Marlin Bowles (May 20 and June 13, 1975) but not collected during the current study as well as a few species encountered during quantitative sampling. Specimens are deposited at the Illinois Natural History Survey Herbarium (ILLS), Champaign, Illinois.
PTERIDOPHYTA
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw.; 2470
ANGIOSPERMS
DICOTS
ACANTHACEAE
+ Justicia americana (L.) Vahl; 2884
+ Ruellia strepens t.; 2931
ACERACEAE
Acer negundo L.; 2701
Acer saccharinum L.; 2456
Acer saccharum Marsh.; 2720
AMARANTHACEAE
Amaranthus tuberculatus (Tvloq.) J. Sauer; 2887
ANACARDIACEAE
Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze; 2694
ANNONACEAE
+ Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal; 2716
APIACEAE
+Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz; 2434
Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC; Bowles
Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) CB. Clarke; Bowles
Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC; 2472
San�cula odorata (Ra�.) Pryer & Phillippe; 2469
Zizia aurea (L.) Koch; 2443
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
Asarum canadense L.; 2413
ASTERACEAE
Ageratina altissima (L.) R.M. King & H. Robins.; Bowles
Aster lanceolatus Willd. var. simplex (Willd.) A.G. Jones; 2883
Bidens cernua L.; 2909
Bidens comosa (Gray) Wieg.; 2894
+Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.; 2882
Eupatoriadelphus purpureas (L.) R.M. King & H. Robins.; 2708
+Eupatorium serotinum Michx.; 2926
Helenium autumnale L.; 2885
+Prenanthes crepidinea Michx.; 2422
Rudbeckia laciniata L.; 2913
+Senecio glabellus Poir.; 2476
Silphium perfoliatum L.; 2914
Solidago gigantea Ait.; 2915
*Taraxacum officinale Weber; 2477
+Verbesina altemifolia (L.) Britt; 2923
BERBERIDACEAE
Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx.; 2453
Podophyllum peltatum L.; 2441
BORAGINACEAE
Mertensia virginica (L.) Pers.; 2415
BRASSICACEAE
Arabis shortii (tern.) GL; 2475
* Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.; 2462
Dentaria laciniata Muni.; 2416
+Iodanthus pinnati�dus (Michx.) Steud.; 2494
+Rorippa sess�iflora (Nutt.) A. Hitchc; 2455
CAESALPINIACEAE
+Cercis canadensis L.; 2451
+Gleditsia triacanthos L.; 2461, 2488
+Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) Koch; 2713
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
*Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim.; 2474
Sambucus canadensis L.; 2478
* Viburnum opulus L.; 2412
+Viburnum prunifolium I_; 2442, 2922
CELASTRACEAE
*Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb.; 2473
+Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq.; 2698
CONVOLVULACEAE
+Ipomaea pandurata (L.) CF. W. Mey.; 2709
CORNACEAE
Cornus obliqua Ra�.; Bowles
CORYLACEAE
Corylus americana Walt; 2710
EUPHORBIACEAE
Acalypha rhomboidea Ra�.; 2893
FABACEAE
Amorpha fruticosa L.; Bowles
FAGACEAE
Quercus macrocarpa Michx.; 2489
Quercus rubra L.; 2490
FUMARIACEAE
Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) WaIp.; 2423
GERANIACEAE
Geranium maculatum L.; 2447
GROSSULARIACEAE
Ribes missouriense Nutt.; 2437
HIPPOCASTANACEAE
+Aesculus glabra Willd.; 2409
HYDROPHYLLACEAE
Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx.; 2450
Hydrophyllum virginianum L.; 2418
JUGLANDACEAE
Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) Koch; 2466
Jugions nigra L.; 2930
LAMIACEAE
Lycopus americanus Muhl.; 2920
Lycopus virginicus L.; 2928
Stachys tenuifolia Willd.; 2927
LAURACEAE
+Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees.
MALVACEAE
+Hibiscus laevis AU.; 2722
MENISPERMACEAE
Menispermum canadense L.; 2695
MORACEAE
*Morus aiba L.; 2726
+Monis rubra L.
OLEACEAE
Fraxinus lanceolata Borkh.; 2457
+Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx.; 2433
ONAGRACEAE
Ludwigia palustris (L.) Ell. var. americana (DC) Fem. & Grise; 2911
OROBANCHACEAE
Orobanche uniflora L.; Bowles
OXALIDACEAE
"Oxalis corniculata L.; 2897
Oxalis fontana Bunge; 27 1 5
PAPAVERACEAE
Sanguinaria canadensis L.; 2436
PHYTOLACCACEAE
Phytolacca americana L.; 2925
PLATANACEAE
+Platanus occidentalis L.; 2917
POLEMONIACEAE
Phlox divaricata L. ssp. laphamii (Wood) Wherry; 2465
POLYGONACEAE
Antenoron virginianum (L.) Roberty & Vautier; 2706
Persicaria amphibium (L.) S.F. Gray; 2890
Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) S.F. Gray; 2895
Persicaria pensylvanica (L.) Small; 2896
Persicaria punctata (Ell.) Small; 2881
*Persicaria vulgaris Webb Sc Moq.; 2724
*Polygonum arenastrum Boreau; 2918
Rumex altissimus Wood; 2458
PORTULACACEAE
Claytonia virginica L.; 2430
PRIMULACEAE
"Lysimachia nummularia L.; 2693
RANUNCULACEAE
+Clematis pitcheri Jon. & Gray; 2707
Enemion bitematum Ra�.; 2444
Ranunculus abortivus L.; 2464
Ranunculus sceleratus L.; 2495
RHAMNACEAE
"Rhamnus cathartica L.; 2460
ROSACEAE
Crataegus mollis (Torr. & Gray) Scheele; 2712
Crataegus punctata Jacq.; 2463
Geum canadense Jacq.; 2699
Prunus virginiana L.; 2414
*Kosa multiflora Thunb.; 2921
Rubus occidentalis L.; 2899
RUBIACEAE
Cephalanthus occidentalis L.; 2703
Galium aparine L.; 2417
SALICACEAE
Populus deltoides Marsh.; 2725
Salix interior Rowlee; 2929
Salix nigra Marsh.; 2496
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh; 2718
Veronica peregrina L.; 2898
SOLANACEAE
Solanum ptychanthum Dunal; 2903
STAPHYLEACEAE
Staphylea trifolia L.; 2410
TILIACEAE
Tilia americana L.; 2691
ULMACEAE
+Ce/ris occidentalis L.; 2702
Ulmus americana L.; 2692
Ulmus rubra Muhl.; 2700
URTICACEAE
Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw.; 2696
Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd.; 2892
Pi�ea pumiia (L.) Gray; 2893
VERBENACEAE
Phyla lanceolata (Michx.) Greene; 2723
VIOLACEAE
Viola prat�ncola Greene; 2429
Viola pubescens Ait. var. pubescens; 2439
VITACEAE
Parthenocissus quinquefolio (L.) Planch.; 2704
Vitis riparia Michx.; 2452
MONOCOTS
ARACEAE
Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott; 2419
CYPERACEAE
+Carex amphibola Steud.; 2420
Carex blanda Dewey; 2440
Carex cephalophora Muhl.; 2445
+Carex conjuncta Boott; 2493
Carex grayi Carey; 2723
Carex gr�sea Wahl; 2446
Carex haydenii Dewey; 2454
Carex hitcheockiana Dewey; 2492
+Carex iamesi Schwein.; 2428
Cyperus odoratus L.; 2912
+Eleocharis verrucosa (Svenson) Harms; 2468
LILIACEAE
Allium canadense L.; 2438
Allium tricoecum L.; 2426
Erythronium albidum Nutt.; 2411
Polygonatum commutatum (Schult.) A. Dietr.; 2467
Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf.; 2427
Trillium grandiflomm (Michx.) Salisb.; Bowles
Trillium recurvatum Beck.; 2435
+Trillium sessile L. forma sessile; 2424
+Trillium sessile L. forma viridiflorum Beyer; 2425
POACEAE
Cinna arundinacea L.; 2916
+Diarrhena americana P. Beauv.; 2705
'Digitano ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb.; 2905
Echinochloa muricata (Michx.) Fern.; 2910
Elymus virginicus L.; 2719
Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) BSP.; 2904
Festuca subverticillata (Pers.) E. B. Alexeev; 2724
Leersia oryzoides (L.) Swartz; 2889
Leersia virginica Willd.; 2697
+Muhlenbergia bushii Pohl; 2900
Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx.; 2907
+Paspalum f�uitans (JaL) Kunth; 2924
'Phalaris arundinacea L.; 2919
+Poa sylvestris Gray; 2431
'Setaria faberi F. Herrm.; 2902
SMILICACEAE
Smilax ecirrhata Kunth; 2432
Smilax illinoensis Mangaly; 2479
Smilax tamnoides L. var. hispida (Muhl.) Fern.; 2449
